Hematoma subcapsular del hígado: morfología y resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico / Hepatic subcapsular hematoma: morphology and results of surgical treatment

RESUMEN: El hematoma subcapsular del hígado (HSH), es una entidad poco frecuente. La mayoría de casos reportados se asocian al embarazo, en el contexto de síndrome de recuento bajo de plaquetas, elevación de enzimas hepáticas, y hemólisis. Otras patologías relacionadas son ruptura de carcinoma hepatocelular, adenoma, hiperplasia nodular focal; y amilosis. El objetivo de este artículo fue reportar morfología y resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico observados en una serie de pacientes con HSH, en términos de morbilidad postoperatoria (MPO). Serie de casos retrospectiva de pacientes con HSH intervenidos de forma consecutiva en Clínica RedSalud Mayor Temuco, entre 2004 y 2019. La variable resultado fue MPO. Otras variables de interés fueron edad, sexo, etiología, diámetro, necesidad de transfusión y tiempo de hospitalización. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva. Se trató a 7 pacientes (71,4 % mujeres), con una mediana de edad de 46 años. La mediana del diámetro del HSH, tiempo quirúrgico y estancia hospitalaria fueron 11 cm, 105 min y 5 días, respectivamente. No hubo necesidad de reintervenciones. Con una mediana de seguimiento de 31 meses, no se verificó MPO ni mortalidad. El HSH es una condición poco frecuente, y la evidencia disponible escasa. Puede asociarse a condiciones benignas y malignas. Requiere un alto índice de sospecha para un diagnóstico oportuno.Su pronóstico depende de la etiología.

SUMMARY: Subcapsular hematoma of the liver (SHL) is a rare entity. The majority of cases are associated with pregnancy, in the context of low platelet count syndrome, elevated liver enzymes, and hemolysis. Other related pathologies are ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma, adenoma, focal nodular hyperplasia, and amyloidosis. The aim of this article was to report morphology and results of the surgical treatment observed in a series of patients with SHL, in terms of postoperative morbidity (POM). Retrospective case series of patients with SHL who were intervened consecutively at Clínica RedSalud Mayor Temuco, between 2004 and 2019. The results variable was MPO. Other variables of interest were age, sex, etiology, diameter, need for transfusion, and length of hospitalization. Descriptive statistics were used; 7 patients (71.4% women) were treated with a median age of 46 years. The median diameter of SHL, surgical time, and hospital stay were 11 months, no POM and mortality were verified. SHL is a rare condition, and the available evidence is scarce. It can be associated with benign and malignant diseases. It requires a high index of suspicion for a timely diagnosis. Its prognosis depends on the etiology.

Acute kidney failure following severe viper envenomation: clinical, biological and ultrasonographic aspects

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent complication of snakebite envenomation, which is still little known in sub-Saharan Africa. This study aims to describe the clinical, biological and ultrasonographic aspects of AKI following severe snakebite envenomation managed in the intensive care unit. Method: A prospective observational survey was performed in Benin over a period of 18 months. All patients suffering severe snakebite envenomation (SBE) were included. The diagnosis of AKI was made using the KDIGO criteria. Kidney ultrasound exam was performed in all patients to assess internal bleeding and morphological and structural abnormalities of the kidneys. Results: Fifty-one cases of severe SBE were included. All patients presented inflammatory syndrome and showed abnormal WBCT whereas bleeding was found in 46 of them (90%). The median time to hospital presentation was three days. The majority of patients were male (M/F sex ratio = 1.55) and the median age was 26. Sixteen patients (31%) showed AKI according to the KDIGO criteria. Severe AKI (KDIGO stage 2 and 3) was observed in three patients, including one stage 2 and two stage 3. Kidney ultrasound revealed three cases of kidney capsular hematoma (6%), two cases of kidney hypertrophy (3%), three cases of kidney injury (4%), two stage 1 KDIGO and one stage 2 KDIGO. Only one patient benefited from hemodialysis. All patients showing AKI recovered without sequels. The median duration of hospital stays was four days. Seven patients died (14%) including four among the 16 AKI patients. Antivenom has been administered to 41 patients (80%). The comparison between patients without and with AKI did not show any significant difference except gender (p = 10-2). Conclusion: AKI is a common complication of severe snakebite envenomation. Resulting from inflammatory and hemorrhagic disorders, AKI may prove to be a short-term life-threatening factor.(AU)

Rotura hepática en síndrome de HELLP: electrofulguración y uso de malla. Reporte de caso

Hepatic subcapsular hematoma is a rare and lethal complication of HELLP syndrome presenting during pregnancy or the postpartum in women with severe preeclampsia or eclampsia. Maternal and perinatal mortality is high, hence the importance of prevention, early recognition, and timely and multidisciplinary treatment. We present a case of spontaneous rupture of subcapsular hepatic hematoma in which treatment consisted in electrofulguration and placement of hemostatic mesh, and a review of the literature.

El hematoma subcapsular hepático es una complicación rara y letal del síndrome HELLP, que se presenta en gestantes o puérperas con preeclampsia severa o eclampsia. La mortalidad materna y perinatal en estos casos es elevada. De ahí la importancia de su prevención, reconocimiento precoz y tratamiento oportuno y multidisciplinario. Se presenta un caso de rotura espontánea de hematoma subcapsular hepático, en el cual se realizó manejo con electrofulguración asociada a la colocación de malla hemostática. Se realiza revisión bibliográfica.

Diagnosis and treatment of perirenal hematoma associated with ureteral flexible lithotripsy / 实用医学杂志

Objective To explore the risk factors ,prevention and treatment of the occurrence of perirenal hematoma after flexible lithotripsy. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 18 patients with symptomatic perirenal hematoma from 1259 who had undergone ureteral flexible lithotripsy in our hospital during the period of April 2007 to April 2016. Of the 18 patients,7 were complicated with diabetes mellitus,11 had urinary tract infection;15 were female,and 3 were male. Results Perirenal hematoma was confirmed by B ultrasound and CT,which situated on the Posterolateral side of the kidney in 8 patients,and on the lower pole and abdominal side in 10. Hematoma depth was 2.6-15.3 cm(average was 5.2 cm). The hematoma?related symptoms gradually disappeared in 11 patients 7 to 14 days after they received conservative treatment. 5 recovered gradually 15 days after undergoing hematoma puncture and drainage ,and 2 recovered 36 days after receiving open surgery for removal of hematoma. Conclusions Female,diabetes,urinary tract infection,bigger stone size,prolonged surgical duration,and infected stones were the risk factors for perinephric hematoma related to ureteroscopic lithotripsy. Full preoperative preparation ,effective anti?infection ,intraoperative improvement of calculus?breaking skills and use of large caliber semirigid through sheath,low pressure perfusion,shorter surgical duration,and staging surgery are effective ways to reduce the occurrence of perirenal hematoma.

Hematoma subcapsular hepático y hemofilia neonatal / Hepatic subcapsular hematoma and neonatal hemophilia

INTRODUCCIÓN: el hematoma subcapsular hepático sangrante se presenta cada vez menos en el recién nacido, debido al mejoramiento de la atención prenatal y al seguimiento esmerado del trabajo de parto. La hemofilia es una enfermedad hemorrágica hereditaria ligada al cromosoma X, en la cual se produce una alteración en los genes que codifican para los factores de la coagulación, factor VIII (hemofilia A) o del factor IX (hemofilia B), que trae como consecuencia una proteína alterada cuantitativa, cualitativa o ambas. Se manifiesta raramente en la etapa neonatal, y cuando ocurre, se presenta como formas clínicas graves. El diagnóstico de la hemofilia se realiza por antecedentes familiares y manifestaciones clínicas, confirmándose con la dosificación de factores, situación clave que ofrece una ventana de oportunidad para que el médico de primer nivel de atención establezca un diagnóstico oportuno y eficiente. PRESENTACIÓN DEL CASO: se presenta cuadro clínico y ultrasonográfico, de neonato con 6 días de vida, al que se le consulta por palidez extrema y síndrome peritoneal, con antecedentes familiares de hemofilia sin diagnóstico prenatal. CONCLUSIONES: el diagnóstico precoz del hematoma subcapsular hepático sangrante, como complicación de la hemofilia, permite iniciar tratamiento médico apropiado para las dos entidades, lo cual genera un impacto positivo en la salud del paciente y la familia, y reduce los riesgos de mortalidad.

INTRODUCTION: bleeding hepatic subcapsular hematome is increasingly less frequent in the newborn as a result of better prenatal care and the careful follow-up of the labor. Hemophilia is an X chromosome-linked hereditary hemorrhagic disease in which there are altered gens that code for the coagulation factors, factor VIII (hemophilia A) or factor IX (hemophilia B), resulting in a quantitative, a qualitative protein or both. It is rarely seen at the neonatal phase and when it appears, it takes the severe clinical forms. The diagnosis of hemophilia is based on the family history and the clinical manifestations and is confirmed with factor dosing; a key situation that offers the opportunity for the primary level physician to set a timely efficient diagnosis. CASE PRESENTATION: clinical and ultrasonographic picture of a six days old neonate with signs of extreme pallor and peritoneal syndrome and family history of hemophilia with no prenatal diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: the early diagnosis of the bleeding hepatic subcapsular hematoma, as a complication of hemophilia, allows starting the adequate medical treatment for the two problems, thus generating a positive impact on the patient´s and the family´s health and reducing the mortality risks.

Renal Subcapsular Hematoma after Intravenous Thrombolysis in a Patient with Acute Cerebral Infarction / 신경중재치료의학

A 74-year-old female with acute cerebral infarction was treated with intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. Subsequent percutaneous transfemoral angiography and mechanical thrombectomy were performed due to a right middle cerebral artery occlusion, which was successfully recanalized. Two days after treatment, the patient complained of vague right abdominal pain and a laboratory test showed anemia. Abdominal computed tomography showed a right renal subcapsular hematoma. After conservative management, the patient was discharged without complications. We report a rare complication after intravenous thrombolysis in a patient with acute cerebral infarction.

Hematoma renal subcapsular espontáneo secundario al empleo de antiagregantes plaquetarios / Spontaneous renal sub-capsular hematoma after the use of antiplatelet

Paciente masculino de 65 años de edad, con antecedentes de habérsele colocado stent coronario y tratamiento antiagregante plaquetario con Aspirina® y Clopidogrel®. A los 21 días comenzó a presentar dolor en el flanco y la fosa ilíaca derechos, náuseas y vómitos. En el examen físico inicial se detectó dolor y aumento de volumen en las zonas referidas y los signos vitales normales. El ultrasonido abdominal reveló colección perirrenal derecha bien delimitada y riñones de tamaño y ecoestructura normal. La tomografía axial computarizada evidenció la presencia de una imagen renal subcapsular derecha, con densidades de líquido, con compresión extrínseca de un riñón estructuralmente normal. Al día siguiente del ingreso comenzó a presentar fiebre de 38 ºC. Se suspendió el tratamiento antiagregante plaquetario y a los 7 días se realizó lumbotomía y drenaje del hematoma; se obtuvo alrededor de 400 mL de sangre carmelitosa. El paciente evolucionó satisfactoriamente. Se concluye que el hematoma renal subcapsular espontáneo es una complicación inusual del uso de antiagregantes plaquetarios que necesita manejo multidisciplinario. La tomografía axial computarizada es indispensable para el diagnóstico imagenológico de certeza. La compresión renal por su gran tamaño, así como el dolor y la aparición de fiebre, justifican su drenaje quirúrgico.

A case of a 65 year-old male patient with a history of having received a coronary stent and antiplatelet therapy with Aspirin® and Clopidogrel® is presented here. He complained of pain in the right flank and iliac fossa nausea and vomiting 21 days after the procedure. At initial physical examination, normal vital signs but pain and increased volume in the aforementioned areas were detected. Abdominal ultrasound revealed well defined right perirenal collection and normal size kidneys and echotexture. Computed tomography showed the presence of a right subcapsular renal image with liquid density and extrinsic compression of a structurally normal kidney. The day after admission the patient ran a fever of 38 ºC. Antiplatelet therapy was discontinued and lumbotomy and drainage of the hematoma was performed 7 days latter; about 400 mL of brownish blood was obtained. The patient progressed satisfactorily. It is concluded that spontaneous subcapsular renal hematoma is a rare complication of antiplatelet requiring multidisciplinary management.Computed tomography imaging is required for diagnosis. The renal compression due to its large size as well as pain and fever, justify their surgical drainage.

Hematoma hepático subcapsular roto y choque hipovolémico como una complicación inusual tras la realización de colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica: Reporte de un caso / Ruptured hepatic subcapsular hematoma and hypovolemic shock as an unusual complication after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: Report of one case

Objetivo: Describir el caso de un hematoma subcapsular hepático roto con desarrollo de choque hipovolémico como una complicación inusual secundaria a la realización de colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica. Sede: Hospital de segundo nivel, Hospital General Xoco. Diseño: Reporte de un caso. Descripción del caso: Mujer de 66 años quien ingresa mediante el Servicio de Urgencias con diagnóstico de coledocolitiasis; decidiendo su manejo con colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica, la cual se realiza 24 horas después. En ésta se corrobora la presencia de litos en colédoco, observando la salida de material purulento de la vía biliar; durante el evento, ella presenta desaturación con la necesidad de manejo mecánico de la vía aérea y manejo por terapia intensiva con alteraciones primordialmente ventilatorias; veinticuatro horas después presenta estado de choque de inicio súbito con abdomen agudo, por lo que se decide manejo quirúrgico, en el cual se evidencia hematoma hepático subcapsular roto con 2,000 ml de hemoperitoneo. La paciente presenta complicaciones por estado de hipovolemia, alteraciones ventilatorias, coagulopatía y fondo infeccioso en vía biliar que conllevan al desenlace fatal. Conclusión: El hematoma subcapsular relacionado a la realización de la colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica es una entidad infrecuente; éste es el decimocuarto caso reportado y el primero con ruptura.

Objective: To describe a case of ruptured hepatic subcapsular hematoma accompanied by hypovolemic shock as an unusual complication secondary to an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Setting: Second level health care hospital. General Hospital Xoco, Mexico City. Design: Case report. Description of the case: A 66-year old woman, who was admitted through the emergency ward with a diagnosis of choledocholithiasis, and who was subjected to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, performed 24 h after admission, confirming the presence of stones in the choledochus, observing discharge of purulent matter from the biliary tract; during the event, she presented desaturation, needing mechanical handling of the airways and intensive therapy management, with mainly ventilatory alterations. Twenty-four hours afterwards she presented a state of shock of sudden onset together with acute abdomen; surgical management was then decided, evidencing a ruptured hepatic subcapsular hematoma with 2000 ml of hemoperitoneum. Patient presenting complications due to hypovolemic state, ventilatory alterations, infectious focus in the biliary tract that lead to fatal outcome. Conclusion: A subcapsular hematoma related to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is an infrequent entity; this is the 14th reported case and the first with rupture.

Huge subcapsular hematoma caused by intrahepatic sarcomatoid cholangiocarcinoma

Intrahepatic sarcomatoid cholangiocarcinomais is a very rare disease with a poor prognosis due to its biologically aggressive tumor behavior. We report a patient who presented with subcapsular hemorrhage and a rapidly growing liver mass. A 57 year-old man was admitted with severe abdominal pain. CT and MRI images showed the presence of a 10 cm-sized subcapsular hemorrhage connected with a multi-lobulated mass with hemorrhage and necrotic foci in the right liver. The patients underwent right hemihepatectomy with caudate lobectomy and lymphadenectomy. The operation findings revealed metastatic nodules to the diaphragm and omentum. Detailed histopathological analysis through immunohistochemistry confirmed the diagnosis of sarcomatoid cholangiocarcinoma with a poorly undifferentiated sarcomatous component. The patient underwent chemotherapy. To date, the patient is doing well for 8 months after initial diagnosis.

Fatal Water Intoxication in a Schizophrenic Patient / 대한법의학회지

We report a case of fatal water intoxication in a schizophrenic patient. A 41-year-old schizophrenic male, who was admitted to a psychiatric hospital, was found dead in the restroom of the hospital. He had drunk many bowls of tap water before. On the postmortem examination, the brain was diffusely edematous, but no apparent herniation was noted. The lung was mildly expanded with edema. The stomach and intestine were diffusely expanded, and the intestine and mesentery were extensively edematous. Bilateral hydronephrosis was observed. A subcapsular hematoma with focal cortical rupture was observed in the right kidney. The vitreous sodium was 102 mEq/l and potassium was 10.5 mEq/l.

A Case of Liver Abscess with Subcapsular Hematoma Mimicking Ruptured Hepatic Cholangiocarcinoma / 대한소화기학회지

Subcapsular hematoma is a very rare complication of liver abscess. We report a case of liver abscess with subcapsular hematoma mimicking ruptured hepatic cholangiocarcinoma. A 59-year old man presented with right upper quadrant pain and febrile sense. Computed tomography showed a low attenuated mass with extensive subcapsular hematoma on the right hepatic lobe. The initial impression was a hematoma caused by the rupture of cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatic arteriography was performed, but no active bleeding focus was found. After drainage of the subcapsular hematoma, a hematoma wall biopsy through the drainage catheter and a liver biopsy of the low attenuated mass were performed. The biopsies showed many neutrophils, macrophages, and granulation tissues consistent with an abscess, but no malignant cells were detected. After antibiotics therapy for 6 weeks, computed tomography was performed 4 months later, and revealed complete resolution of the hematoma and the low attenuated hepatic lesion.

Intrahepatic subcapsular hematoma complicating laparoscopic cholecystectomy

A 65-year-old lady with cholelithiasis underwent an elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) and was discharged on post-operative day 2. She was re-admitted after five days with right hypochondriac pain and fever. Investigations revealed a drop in hemoglobin. Computed tomography showed a large intrahepatic subcapsular collection without intra-abdominal collection. She was treated with intravenous antibiotics. Percutaneous aspiration of intrahepatic subcapsular collection under ultrasound guidance revealed old blood. Hence diagnosis of intrahepatic subcapsular hematoma (ISH) was made. She improved and was discharged after a two weeks’ hospital stay. Follow-up ultrasonography examination two months later revealed complete resolution of the hematoma. We report this case due to its rarity and review the previously documented cases of this complication.

Spontaneous Hepatic Rupture Following an Uncomplicated Pregnancy and Delivery / 한국간담췌외과학회지

Spontaneous rupture of the liver in pregnancy is extremely uncommon. The most of cases have occurred in pregnancy with preeclampsia/eclampsia. We report one case of spontaneous capsular rupture following an uncomplicated pregnancy. A 33 year old woman was admitted at 38 weeks of gestation to the Obstetrics department. On admission her pulse and blood pressure were normal and there was no proteinuria. On the next day, a cesarean section was performed with delivery of a male infant (3.8 kg). but persistent uterine bleeding was developed due to uterine atony. and then subtotal hysterectomy was performed. Postoperatively she was remained unstable requiring further transfusion of blood and fresh frozen plasma. She was reoperated for controling persistent bleeding and evacuation hematoma of previous hysterectomy site. Postoperatively she was stable during 48 hours. However she again became hypotensive and on examination was noted intra-abdominal fresh bleeding. Laboratory evaluation demonstrated a high level of LFT. Contrast enhanced CT revealed subcapsular hematoma rupture and active bleeding of liver. We tried to embolized the terminal hepatic arterial branch for controling the ruptured subcapsular hematoma. and then she was stable but after 5th days, liver necrosis was developed and progressed to abscess. Despite radiologic drainage, necrotic abscess was remained persistently. She was managed with open drainage and debridement of necrotic liver. After 2 weeks, she was discharged without any morbidity.

A Case of Spontaneous Renal Subcapsular Hematoma and Acute Renal Failure Developed after Cesarean Section with Severe Preeclampsia / 대한산부인과학회잡지

Spontaneous renal subcapsular hematoma is a rare, life-threatening condition that is usually caused by benign and malignant renal tumors, vascular diseases, inflammatory disorders, blood dyscrasias, and seldom suspected clinically. The characteristic clinical features are abdominal pain, a mass in the flank and signs of internal bleeding. Severe preeclampsia is also a major contributing factor of the renal hematoma. Because renal function is decreased in spontaneous renal subcapsular hematoma, physicians should be aware of the clinical symptoms and signs, appropriate investigation and management may be life-saving. This case of spontaneous renal subcapsular hematoma and acute renal failure complicated by severe preeclampsia, which occurred after delivery and was treated conservatively.

Two cases of subcapsular renal hematoma as a complication of acute pyelonephritis / 대한내과학회지

Subcapsular renal hematoma without a history of trauma is uncommon, which has been reported with the association of underlying renal tumor, vascular or inflammatory disease. Recently, subcapsular renal hematoma has been reported to be a rare complication of acute pyelonephritis. If abdominal pain is acutely aggravated or hematocrit is rapidly decreased in the patient of acute pyelonephritis, subcapsular renal hematoma as a complication of acute pyelonephritis should be considered and confirmed by subsequent imaging studies. We report two cases of subcapsular renal hematoma as a complication of acute pyelonephritis.

Ultrasonic Diagnosis and Aspiration of Spontaneous Renal Subcapsular Hematoma / 中华超声影像学杂志

This paper described 8 patients in whom a spontaneeus renal subeapsular hematoma devel-oped.Two cases with systemic hypertension by the mechanism described by Page were observed.The diagnosis was confirmed by CT and ultrasound,and the patients were treated by means of the hematoma aspiration guided by uttrasound,8 cases were cured.The blood presure in 2 patients with Page's kidney was dropped to normal.No relapse was dernon,vtrated by follLw-up.Author reconlmend this treatment in such cases based on uhrasound and CT finding that rule OUt underlying pathological changes.

A case of Spontaneous Bilateral Subcapsular Hematoma of the Kidney / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Spontaneous subcapsular hematoma of the kidney is an uncommon, but there are only few reports on bilateral subcapsular hematoma associated with non-traumatic origin in the world. Several commonest causes for this phenomenon have been described : including disease of the kidney , nephritis, tumor, hydronephrosis, infection, tuberculosis. lithiasis and cystic disease, blood vessel disease ; arteriosclerosis, aneurysm, periarteritis nodosa and renal infarcts, blood dyscrasia. No definite causative factor was found in this case : that a 49-year-old woman was done the decortication of left kidney and hematoma remove, due to no specific abnormality in preoperative coagulation test, 24hr urine AFB stain, immunoserologic test and renal angiography.

Two Cases of Spontaneous Subcapsular Hematoma of the Kidney / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Spontaneous Subcapsular hematoma of the kidney is relatively uncommon. Although several cases have been recorded in the literature, the diagnosis was seldom made preoperatively. Selective renal angiography provide an excellent means of diagnosing this lesion prior to surgery. Case I: A 37 years male was admitted with the right flank pain and hematuria. Excretory urogram showed moderate hydronephrosis and a cystic shadow compressing upper calices. Selective renal angiography showed strip-like curvilinear capsular density outside the nonopacifying mass. By exploration, blood clots, about 300 c. c., between renal parenchyma and renal capsule was evacuated. The cause of the hematoma is uncertain whether it is from ruptured aneurysm or due to hydronephrosis. Case II : A 54-year-old woman was hospitalized with right flank discomfortness and mild fever. Intravenous pyelogram revealed increased size of the right kidney and angiogram demonstrated the compressed and flattened renal parenchyma by a nonopacifying mass and renal capsule on the outer margin of the mass. Blood clots, about 200 c.c., inside the renal capsule which compressed renal parenchyma was evacuated.